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- HEALTH, Page 71Panic over Power Lines
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- Are the waves from electrical wires and appliances harmful?
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- Like the Land of Oz, technology has good and bad witches.
- The bomb is a bad witch, microsurgery a good one. Not so long
- ago, electricity was firmly in the benign category. After all,
- it delivers energy with great reliability and little expense.
- So essential has electricity become that more than 2 million
- miles of power lines, literally huge extension cords,
- criss-cross the U.S. But nowadays many Americans are
- increasingly fearful that the electric and magnetic fields
- generated by such overhead cables pose a serious threat to human
- health, causing everything from learning disorders to cancer.
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- Alarm has been growing for more than a decade. Scores of
- lawsuits have been filed by residents of Texas, New York,
- California and Louisiana, forcing utilities to delay, reroute
- and sometimes abandon construction of power lines. Seven states
- have set limits for the strength of electric fields created
- along power-line paths; Florida has also adopted a standard for
- magnetic fields. Fremont, Calif., requires that potential buyers
- of new homes adjacent to overhead lines be warned of possible
- health risks. Last month in Florida a judge declared that pupils
- of Sandpiper Shores Elementary School near Boca Raton could not
- play in a major portion of the schoolyard because of nearby
- power cables.
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- Similar concerns have arisen in other nations as well. To
- calm public protest, a Canadian utility proposed buying all the
- homes along a 90-mile power line that is under construction.
- But residents became so upset that the government ordered a halt
- to work on a segment of the line. Fears were further heightened
- last month when The New Yorker magazine published a series on
- "The Hazards of Electromagnetic Fields." Author Paul Brodeur
- charged utility companies and public health officials with
- trying to gloss over the threat to health posed by power lines
- and computer terminals.
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- The concerns have some justification. Last month the U.S.
- Office of Technology Assessment issued a report concluding that
- power lines are a legitimate health issue. More troubling, it
- suggested that household wiring, appliances like toasters and
- electric blankets, and such items as TV sets and computer
- terminals, all of which create electromagnetic fields, might
- also have an impact on health.
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- Even so, the evidence that electric currents can be
- damaging is far from conclusive, scientists agree. Some
- epidemiological studies indicate a higher than normal incidence
- of cancer, including leukemia and brain tumors, among children
- and adults living or working close to power lines. A study in
- California found that pregnant women who worked on video-display
- terminals for 20 hours or more a week had twice the risk of
- miscarrying as other clerical workers. Such findings are
- suggestive, but the researchers admit that their work does not
- establish a direct cause-effect relationship.
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- Laboratory experiments have shown that electric and
- magnetic fields can exert an influence on biological processes.
- Cells naturally maintain an electric charge across their
- membranes that is essential to the normal functioning of human
- tissues. In cell cultures, exposure to electromagnetic fields
- can affect the flow of chemicals across membranes, interfere
- with synthesis of genetic material, alter the activity of
- hormones and other chemicals, and change the behavior of cancer
- cells. Studies with mice show disruptions in eating, breathing
- and sleeping patterns. An experiment with human volunteers who
- were exposed to electromagnetic fields found they experienced
- a reduced heart rate and modified brain waves.
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- But all the studies so far have merely raised more
- questions. For example, How exactly do electromagnetic fields
- produce the alterations in cells? Are the changes temporary or
- permanent? Do they reflect normal adjustment or a harmful
- effect? Equally mystifying is what kind of exposure might
- constitute a danger. Is five minutes in a high-intensity field
- worse than 24 hours in a weak field? Says Imre Gyuk, manager of
- the electromagnetic program at the Department of Energy: "We
- don't at present have a scientific basis for regulatory action."
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- To resolve the issue, new studies are under way. If they
- show that electric power is harmful, the effect could be
- devastating. Appliances and electronic equipment would have to
- be redesigned, many homes rewired and the nation's
- power-distribution system overhauled. Lawsuits, already on the
- rise, would surge as citizens filed claims to cover illness or
- property devaluation.
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- Faced with the present uncertainty, what should a person
- do? Home buyers might want to consider whether electrical cables
- are near a desired property, but experts do not advise people
- to sell their homes to escape being close to power lines.
- Instead, some easy, inexpensive changes make sense. Among them:
- use electric blankets only to warm beds before retiring, place
- the electric alarm clock across the room instead of by the bed
- and sit at least ten feet away from the television set. Above
- all, avoid excessive worrying. Until the verdict is in, the
- watchword is prudence, not panic.
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